5-HIAA
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid
Clinical chemistryThe principal serotonin metabolite measured in timed urine or plasma when a serotonin-secreting neuroendocrine tumour is suspected.
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Search by abbreviation, full term, category or description. Each entry includes a short explanation in the context of clinical laboratory practice.
The principal serotonin metabolite measured in timed urine or plasma when a serotonin-secreting neuroendocrine tumour is suspected.
A conserved bacterial ribosomal gene target sequenced to identify bacteria, particularly when routine culture is negative or inconclusive.
A steroid measured when investigating congenital adrenal hyperplasia and selected disorders of adrenal steroid synthesis.
A eukaryotic ribosomal gene target used in molecular identification of fungi and parasites.
A plasma protease inhibitor measured when investigating unexplained liver disease, early-onset emphysema or suspected alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
An elemental analysis technique that measures the absorption of light by free atoms, used for selected metals and trace elements.
A combined histochemical stain used to demonstrate acidic and neutral mucins in tissue sections.
The number of circulating basophils in a defined blood volume, usually calculated from the full blood count differential.
A blood gas sample collected from an artery to assess oxygenation, ventilation and acid-base status.
The major blood group system based on the presence or absence of A and B red-cell antigens and corresponding plasma antibodies.
The United Kingdom professional body for clinical biochemistry and laboratory medicine, formerly called the Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine.
An anticoagulant-preservative solution used for selected blood collection, cell studies, tissue typing and blood-component procedures.
A United Kingdom expert committee that provides advice on biological hazards and the classification and control of human pathogens.
An enzyme sometimes measured to support assessment of sarcoidosis or other selected disorders, although the result is non-specific.
A chromosomal microarray method detecting genome-wide gains and losses of DNA relative to a reference sample.
An autoantibody measured when investigating suspected myasthenia gravis.
An antiphospholipid antibody measured as part of the laboratory assessment for antiphospholipid syndrome.
A professional organisation whose evidence framework is widely used in clinical genomic variant classification.
The urine albumin concentration expressed relative to creatinine, used to detect and monitor albuminuria.
A whole-blood coagulation test used mainly to monitor high-dose heparin during selected procedures.
A pituitary hormone measured with cortisol when assessing disorders of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.
A von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease measured urgently when thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is suspected.
An HL7 message type carrying patient demographic and encounter events between clinical and laboratory systems.
A group of DNA viruses detected by molecular or other methods in respiratory, ocular, gastrointestinal and disseminated infections.
A broad-spectrum immunohistochemistry marker used to demonstrate epithelial differentiation in tissue specimens.
The number of circulating eosinophils in a defined blood volume, used when assessing eosinophilia and related disorders.
A common cardiac arrhythmia that may appear on request forms and influences anticoagulation and related laboratory monitoring.
Bacteria that retain an acid-fast stain, most notably mycobacteria investigated in suspected tuberculosis and related infections.
A fetal glycoprotein measured as a tumour marker in selected liver and germ-cell tumours and in particular antenatal contexts.
A procedure capable of producing infectious aerosols and therefore requiring an appropriate risk assessment and control measures.
A functional assay assessing the alternative complement pathway; AP50 is also used for this investigation.
A reagent that detects human immunoglobulin or complement bound to red cells in antiglobulin testing.
Rapid immune destruction of transfused red cells, usually occurring during or within 24 hours of transfusion.
Anaemia caused by autoantibody-mediated red-cell destruction, investigated using blood counts, haemolysis markers and antiglobulin testing.
A sudden reduction in kidney function that may prompt urgent monitoring of creatinine, electrolytes and urine output.
A risk-control principle requiring workplace risks to be reduced until further reduction would be grossly disproportionate to the benefit.
The most abundant plasma protein, measured in liver, renal, nutritional and inflammatory assessment and used in selected calculations.
The number of circulating lymphocytes in a defined blood volume, usually derived from the full blood count differential.
A mature T-cell lymphoma commonly assessed using morphology, immunophenotyping and molecular or cytogenetic studies.
A set of data-integrity principles extended to include complete, consistent, enduring and available records.
A gene or protein assessed for rearrangement, mutation or expression in selected lymphomas and solid tumours.
An enzyme measured mainly in liver and bone assessment, with isoenzyme investigation used in selected cases.
An intracellular enzyme measured mainly as a marker of hepatocellular injury, interpreted alongside other clinical and laboratory findings.
An autoantibody strongly associated with primary biliary cholangitis and usually assessed within a liver autoantibody screen.
The number of circulating monocytes in a defined blood volume, usually calculated from the full blood count differential.
A hormone produced by ovarian follicles and measured chiefly as an indicator of ovarian reserve in an appropriate clinical context.
An acute clonal myeloid malignancy diagnosed and classified using morphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics and molecular testing.
A neuronal surface autoantibody tested in selected patients with suspected autoimmune encephalitis.
The concentration range over which an analytical system can measure a sample directly without dilution, concentration or other pretreatment.
The ability of a microorganism to survive or grow despite an antimicrobial that would normally inhibit or kill it; this differs from analytical measuring range.
A group of autoantibodies directed against nuclear antigens, used as a screening investigation for systemic autoimmune disease.
The calculated or directly measured number of circulating neutrophils, used particularly when assessing neutropenia and infection risk.
Autoantibodies associated particularly with small-vessel vasculitis and interpreted with antigen-specific PR3 and MPO testing.
A statistical method used to compare variation between and within groups during method evaluation and laboratory studies.
An antibody indicating previous or current exposure to hepatitis B virus; IgM anti-HBc may support identification of recent infection.
An antibody to hepatitis B e antigen used with other markers when assessing the phase of hepatitis B infection.
An antibody used to assess immunity following hepatitis B vaccination or recovery from previous infection.
A screening marker of exposure to hepatitis C virus that does not by itself establish current infection.
A functional assay used in selected circumstances to assess the effect of unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin and some factor Xa inhibitors.
A healthcare science support role working at an agreed level of responsibility under appropriate professional and governance arrangements.
A functional test assessing the integrity of the alternative complement pathway; laboratories may instead report AH50.
A functional phenotype most commonly caused by factor V Leiden and assessed during selected thrombophilia investigations.
A defined software interface that allows laboratory and clinical systems to exchange data or request services.
A collective term for lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin and anti-beta-2 glycoprotein I antibodies associated with antiphospholipid syndrome.
A defined requirement for analytical performance such as allowable imprecision or bias; in clinical notes APS may instead mean antiphospholipid syndrome.
A coagulation test assessing the intrinsic and common pathways and used in selected bleeding investigations and heparin monitoring.
An autoantibody used in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
A nuclear receptor assessed by immunohistochemistry in selected tumours; AR may have other meanings outside cellular pathology.
A severe inflammatory lung injury that may prompt blood-gas, microbiological and broader laboratory monitoring.
A calculated screening index used when investigating suspected primary aldosteronism under controlled pre-analytical conditions.
An Institute of Biomedical Science post-registration qualification demonstrating advanced specialist practice in a defined discipline.
An antibody measured as evidence of a recent immune response to streptolysin O from group A streptococci.
An enzyme found in liver, muscle and other tissues; in microbiology, AST may instead mean antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
A natural anticoagulant protein measured in selected thrombophilia investigations and suspected acquired deficiency.
A historical name for antithrombin that remains common in laboratory requests and clinical documentation.
The integrated area beneath a plotted curve, used in pharmacokinetics, calibration assessment and receiver operating characteristic analysis.
A component of major histocompatibility complex class I measured in selected haematological, renal and inflammatory disorders.
Cobalamin measured as part of the investigation of macrocytosis, anaemia, neuropathy or suspected deficiency.
A lower-respiratory specimen obtained by washing a segment of lung during bronchoscopy for microbiological, cytological and other investigations.
An alkaline phosphatase isoform used as a marker of osteoblastic bone formation in selected metabolic bone assessments.
A nutrient agar containing blood that supports growth and demonstrates haemolysis of many clinically important bacteria.
A virus transmissible through blood or certain body fluids, particularly hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV in occupational-risk contexts.
An anti-apoptotic protein assessed by immunohistochemistry or molecular methods in selected lymphoid and other neoplasms.
A transcription factor assessed by immunohistochemistry or genetic testing in the classification of selected lymphomas.
A fusion gene central to chronic myeloid leukaemia and present in a subset of acute lymphoblastic leukaemias.
A specialised culture medium used for the isolation of Legionella species.
A fungal cell-wall component measured in serum as a non-specific marker supporting investigation of invasive fungal infection.
Monoclonal free immunoglobulin light chains detected in urine, associated particularly with plasma-cell disorders.
Measurement of pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide and related parameters in arterial, venous or capillary blood to assess acid–base and respiratory status.
The predominant circulating ketone body, measured to assess ketosis and diabetic ketoacidosis.
The intergovernmental organisation maintaining the International System of Units and supporting global measurement comparability.
The United Kingdom trade association representing manufacturers and distributors of in vitro diagnostic products.
A common abbreviation for monoclonal free light chains detected in urine during investigation of plasma-cell disorders.
A polyomavirus monitored mainly by nucleic-acid testing in immunocompromised patients, especially after renal transplantation.
A bioinformatics program used to compare nucleotide or protein sequences with reference databases.
The haematopoietic tissue sampled by aspiration or trephine biopsy for morphological, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular investigations.
A liquid marrow specimen used for cell morphology, flow cytometry, cytogenetics and molecular testing.
A core trephine specimen used to assess marrow architecture, cellularity, fibrosis and infiltrative disease.
An HCPC-registered healthcare scientist who performs, validates, interprets and supports clinical laboratory investigations within their scope of practice.
A cardiac peptide measured to support assessment of suspected heart failure in the appropriate clinical setting.
A gene tested for clinically significant variants in selected cancers to support diagnosis, prognosis or targeted treatment.
A tumour-suppressor gene tested for germline or somatic variants associated with hereditary and treatment-relevant cancer risk.
A tumour-suppressor gene tested for germline or somatic variants associated with hereditary and treatment-relevant cancer risk.
A ventilated enclosure designed to protect the user, environment and, for specified classes, the material during biological work.
A United Kingdom professional society that develops guidance and supports education and research in haematology.
Infection in which a clinically significant microorganism is detected in blood; BSI may also denote the British Standards Institution.
A graded containment designation used internationally for laboratory work with biological agents; United Kingdom laboratories commonly use containment-level terminology.
The laboratory and clinical process of selecting, issuing and administering compatible blood components.
The nitrogen component of circulating urea, reported mainly outside the United Kingdom; NHS laboratories usually report urea concentration.
Natural variation in a measurand within and between individuals, used to inform analytical specifications and result interpretation.
A traditional request term for microbial culture followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing when a significant isolate is recovered.
A complement-regulatory protein measured quantitatively and functionally when hereditary or acquired angioedema is suspected.
A component of the classical complement pathway measured in selected immune-complex and complement disorders.
A central complement protein measured when assessing immune-complex disease, infection and complement consumption or deficiency.
A classical-pathway complement protein measured with C3 in selected autoimmune and complement disorders.
The chemical symbol commonly used for calcium measured in blood or urine, reported as total or ionised calcium according to the test.
A tumour marker used mainly to monitor selected patients with breast cancer rather than for population screening.
A tumour marker used mainly in monitoring selected pancreatic and biliary malignancies, interpreted cautiously because it is non-specific.
A tumour marker used chiefly in the assessment and monitoring of ovarian cancer within an appropriate clinical pathway.
A gene tested for exon 9 variants in suspected myeloproliferative neoplasms when clinically indicated.
An indirect-immunofluorescence pattern commonly associated with antibodies to proteinase 3 in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
Pneumonia developing outside hospital or early after admission, often prompting respiratory microbiology and inflammatory-marker testing.
A structured process used to correct the cause of a nonconformity and reduce the risk of it happening again.
The international term broadly equivalent to the United Kingdom full blood count.
An autoantibody with high specificity for rheumatoid arthritis, interpreted alongside clinical findings and rheumatoid factor.
A nomenclature for cell-surface or intracellular markers used to identify and classify leucocyte populations by immunophenotyping.
An HL7 standard for the structure and exchange of electronic clinical documents.
Toxin-mediated diarrhoeal illness associated with Clostridioides difficile, investigated using locally defined testing algorithms.
A separation method in which charged molecules migrate through a narrow capillary under an electric field.
An in vitro diagnostic device bearing European conformity marking under the applicable regulatory framework.
A tumour marker used mainly to monitor selected gastrointestinal and other cancers rather than for population screening.
A homogeneous enzyme immunoassay commonly used for therapeutic-drug or drugs-of-abuse screening.
An inherited CFTR-related disorder that may prompt sweat chloride, genetic, microbiological and other laboratory investigations.
The gene associated with cystic fibrosis and other CFTR-related disorders, tested using molecular methods.
A unit estimating viable microorganisms capable of producing colonies under specified culture conditions.
A cytogenomic method used to detect gains and losses of chromosomal material across the genome.
A premalignant glandular abnormality of the cervix identified through cervical screening and histopathology.
The prevailing requirements and controls used to ensure products are consistently manufactured and controlled to appropriate quality standards.
A functional assay assessing the overall integrity of the classical complement pathway.
An enzyme activity measured in selected liver, anaesthetic-sensitivity and organophosphate-exposure investigations.
The haemoglobin content of newly produced red cells, used as an early indicator of iron available for erythropoiesis.
A graded premalignant change in cervical squamous epithelium identified through cervical screening and histopathology.
An in situ hybridisation method using a chromogenic signal visible by light microscopy to detect defined nucleic-acid targets.
An enzyme released from skeletal or cardiac muscle and measured when muscle injury is suspected.
A creatine kinase isoenzyme historically used in cardiac injury assessment and still applied in selected clinical contexts.
An epithelial immunohistochemistry marker used with other markers to support tumour classification and likely origin.
An epithelial immunohistochemistry marker used with CK7 and other markers to support tumour classification.
A long-term abnormality of kidney structure or function that is commonly assessed using creatinine, eGFR and urine albumin.
The collaboration whose creatinine and cystatin C equations are widely used to estimate glomerular filtration rate.
The chemical symbol used for chloride, a major extracellular anion measured within electrolyte and acid-base assessment.
A United Kingdom laboratory containment level for work with specified biological agents using defined facilities and practices.
A high-containment laboratory level for work with particular airborne or serious biological hazards under stringent controls.
An immunoassay in which the analytical signal is produced by a light-emitting chemical reaction; in United States regulation, CLIA has a different meaning.
A mature clonal B-cell neoplasm diagnosed using blood counts, morphology and characteristic immunophenotyping.
The regulatory framework for classifying chemical hazards and communicating them through labels and safety information.
An international not-for-profit organisation that publishes consensus standards and guidance for laboratory testing and related healthcare practice.
A genome-wide method detecting clinically relevant chromosomal copy-number changes, commonly using array CGH or SNP arrays.
An automated immunoassay format using paramagnetic microparticles and a chemiluminescent signal.
A myeloproliferative neoplasm defined by the BCR-ABL1 fusion and monitored using molecular testing.
A hazard grouping for substances requiring particularly stringent assessment and exposure control.
A herpesvirus investigated using serology, antigen or nucleic-acid testing, particularly in pregnancy and immunocompromised patients.
A genomic deletion or duplication that changes the number of copies of a DNA segment.
A documented trail showing possession, handling and transfer of a specimen when evidential integrity must be demonstrated.
Haemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide, measured when carbon-monoxide exposure is suspected.
UK regulations requiring employers to assess and control exposure to substances that may cause harm in the workplace.
The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, diagnosed using validated molecular, antigen or other approved testing pathways.
The former United Kingdom medical-laboratory accreditation body and scheme, superseded by UKAS accreditation to ISO 15189.
Ongoing learning and reflection used to maintain and develop professional knowledge, skills and safe practice.
Enterobacterales that produce enzymes capable of inactivating carbapenem antibiotics and require prompt detection and infection-control action.
An assay-specific PD-L1 scoring method counting positive tumour and specified immune cells relative to viable tumour cells.
The amplification cycle at which a real-time PCR signal crosses a defined threshold; Ct is a widely used alternative term.
A capsular antigen test used to support diagnosis of cryptococcal infection in serum or cerebrospinal fluid.
Enterobacterales resistant to one or more carbapenems; this term is not synonymous with confirmed carbapenemase production.
Reference material supplied with certified property values and uncertainties under stated traceability conditions.
An acute-phase protein measured mainly to support the assessment and monitoring of inflammation or infection.
A plasma-derived blood component rich in fibrinogen and selected coagulation proteins, used for defined clinical indications.
Fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord that may undergo urgent biochemical, microbiological, haematological and cytological investigation.
A urine specimen collected aseptically from the sampling port of an indwelling urinary catheter.
Documented evidence that a computerised system consistently fulfils its intended use and specified requirements.
The real-time PCR cycle at which fluorescence crosses a defined threshold, with interpretation dependent on the specific assay.
A common combined nucleic-acid amplification request for the two principal bacterial sexually transmitted infections.
A cardiac-specific protein measured to detect myocardial injury and interpreted with symptoms, timing and serial change.
A cardiac-specific protein measured to detect myocardial injury and interpreted with symptoms, timing and serial change.
A biochemical marker of bone resorption used in selected metabolic-bone and treatment-monitoring pathways.
Standard deviation expressed as a percentage of the mean, commonly used to describe analytical imprecision.
The coefficient of variation attributable to analytical imprecision under defined conditions.
The biological coefficient of variation describing differences between individuals in a reference population.
The biological coefficient of variation describing fluctuation within an individual around their homeostatic set point.
A low-molecular-weight protein used as an alternative endogenous marker for estimating glomerular filtration in selected patients.
A chromogen producing a brown reaction product commonly used to visualise immunohistochemistry staining.
The NHS England information standard defining interoperable pathology reporting using FHIR and standard terminologies.
A test that detects immunoglobulin or complement already bound to a patient's red blood cells in vivo.
The fraction of bilirubin reacting directly in the assay, used with total bilirubin when assessing conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia.
Capillary or venous blood applied to filter paper and dried for selected screening, serological, molecular or therapeutic-monitoring tests.
The NHS clinical-safety standard applying to organisations that manufacture health information technology systems.
The NHS clinical-safety standard applying to organisations deploying and using health information technology systems.
A non-invasive malignant epithelial proliferation confined to breast ducts and diagnosed histologically.
A fibrin-degradation marker used within validated clinical pathways when assessing suspected venous thromboembolism or disseminated coagulation.
A digital PCR method partitioning a sample into droplets for highly sensitive absolute or relative nucleic-acid quantification.
An antibody test used selectively in the serological assessment of coeliac disease.
An adrenal androgen measured in selected investigations of androgen excess or adrenal function.
Immune destruction of transfused red cells occurring more than 24 hours after transfusion, often associated with a newly detectable antibody.
Systemic activation of coagulation causing consumption of platelets and clotting factors, assessed with clinical and serial laboratory findings.
A standard for formatting, storing and transmitting medical images, including digital pathology images.
A method using fluorescent-labelled antibodies to detect deposits or antigens directly in patient tissue or cells.
An acute metabolic emergency involving hyperglycaemia, ketonaemia and acidosis that requires urgent laboratory assessment and monitoring.
A group of metabolic disorders characterised by persistent hyperglycaemia and commonly investigated using glucose and HbA1c.
A structured process-improvement cycle used in Six Sigma and other quality-improvement work.
The principal hereditary material analysed in molecular diagnostics, genetics, microbiology and cellular pathology.
A collective term for laboratory screening or confirmation of selected non-prescribed or misused drugs.
An oral anticoagulant that directly inhibits factor Xa or thrombin and may affect routine or specialist coagulation tests.
A manufacturer's formal statement that a device meets the applicable conformity requirements.
An enzyme encoded by DPYD; genotype or phenotype testing can identify increased risk of severe fluoropyrimidine toxicity.
A structured assessment used to identify and reduce privacy risks when processing personal data.
The designated role advising an organisation on data-protection obligations and monitoring compliance.
A phospholipid-dependent clotting assay used within a testing strategy for lupus anticoagulant.
An autoantibody associated particularly with systemic lupus erythematosus and often used in diagnosis and monitoring.
Workstation equipment covered by United Kingdom health and safety requirements for assessment and control of user risks.
United Kingdom regulations requiring risks from fire, explosion and corrosive effects of dangerous substances to be controlled.
The NHS self-assessment framework used by organisations to demonstrate performance against data-security and information-governance requirements.
A reducing reagent used in selected laboratory procedures, including disruption of immunoglobulin pentamers and some transfusion investigations.
A venous blood clot, usually in a deep leg vein, assessed using clinical probability and laboratory or imaging pathways.
The principal circulating oestrogen measured in fertility, menstrual, menopausal and selected endocrine investigations.
A diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotype identified using molecular detection of characteristic virulence targets.
A herpesvirus associated with infectious mononucleosis and other conditions, investigated using serology and sometimes molecular testing.
An immunoassay in which an electrochemically triggered reaction generates the measured light signal.
A structured messaging standard historically used for transmitting pathology reports between laboratories and primary-care systems.
An anticoagulant used in specimen tubes, particularly for haematology testing because it preserves cellular morphology.
The European professional federation supporting science, education, harmonisation and standards across laboratory medicine.
An estimate of kidney filtration calculated from serum creatinine and patient variables, used to support assessment and staging of kidney disease.
A gene or protein assessed in selected cancers to support diagnosis and targeted-treatment decisions; it should not be confused with renal eGFR.
A group of Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli capable of causing haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
A digital longitudinal record of health information that may receive pathology requests and results from laboratory systems.
An immunoassay using an enzyme-labelled reagent to generate a measurable signal for antigen or antibody detection.
A diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotype that invades intestinal epithelial cells and is usually identified molecularly.
A serum-marker algorithm used in defined pathways to assess risk of advanced liver fibrosis.
An automated immunoassay format using enzyme-labelled reagents and fluorescence detection.
A plate-based immunoassay that uses enzyme-labelled reagents to detect or quantify antibodies, antigens or other analytes.
High-resolution imaging with electrons, used in selected renal, muscle, ciliary, tumour and microbiological investigations.
An IgA autoantibody used in coeliac-disease serology; in haematology EMA may instead mean eosin-5-maleimide.
A group of antigen-specific autoantibody tests used to refine investigation after a positive or clinically indicated ANA assessment.
A diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotype associated particularly with infantile diarrhoea and identified by molecular virulence targets.
A renal glycoprotein hormone measured in selected investigations of erythrocytosis or anaemia.
The digital clinical record used to view patient information, requests, results and other healthcare documentation.
Independent comparison of a laboratory's performance with other participants using externally supplied samples or data.
A nuclear receptor assessed by immunohistochemistry to classify breast cancer and guide endocrine treatment.
An enzyme conferring resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and related beta-lactam antibiotics in certain Gram-negative bacteria.
A non-specific test measuring how quickly red cells settle in anticoagulated blood, used as an indirect marker of inflammation.
A lower-respiratory specimen aspirated through an endotracheal tube for microbiological assessment.
A diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotype producing heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxin, commonly associated with travellers' diarrhoea.
A direct ethanol metabolite measured in urine, blood or hair as a marker of recent or longer-term alcohol exposure.
The alcohol measured in blood or other specimens for clinical toxicology or medico-legal purposes.
The organisation that defines widely used European antimicrobial susceptibility breakpoints and testing methodology.
A designated expert laboratory supporting harmonisation, reference methods, proficiency testing and surveillance in a defined field.
A genus of RNA viruses detected by molecular methods in neurological, respiratory, cardiac and other clinical syndromes.
A blood-tube additive combination that inhibits glycolysis and provides anticoagulation for glucose or lactate measurement where validated.
A flow-cytometry technique that analyses fluorescently labelled cells and can physically sort selected populations.
A group of haematology measurements that includes red cells, white cells, platelets and related indices.
A laser-based method measuring physical and fluorescent characteristics of individual cells in suspension.
A stool inflammatory marker used to support differentiation of inflammatory from non-inflammatory bowel disease and to monitor selected patients.
Fragments produced during fibrin or fibrinogen breakdown, increased in conditions with activated coagulation and fibrinolysis.
A plasma blood component containing multiple coagulation factors and used for defined bleeding or replacement indications.
A standard tissue-preservation process used for histology, immunohistochemistry and many molecular tests.
An inherited disorder causing high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and premature cardiovascular risk, assessed biochemically and sometimes genetically.
An HL7 standard framework used to structure and exchange electronic health data, including pathology reports.
An immunoassay that uses a fluorescent label or product to quantify antigen or antibody binding.
A soluble coagulation protein converted to fibrin during clot formation and measured in bleeding, thrombosis and consumptive coagulopathy.
A calculated liver-fibrosis risk score using age, AST, ALT and platelet count.
Prothrombin, the vitamin K-dependent precursor converted to thrombin during coagulation.
A cytogenetic technique using fluorescent probes to detect defined DNA sequences, copy-number changes or chromosomal rearrangements in cells.
A test for human haemoglobin in faeces used in bowel-cancer screening and symptomatic referral pathways.
A vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor deficient in haemophilia B.
Unbound immunoglobulin kappa or lambda light chains measured in serum during assessment and monitoring of plasma-cell disorders.
An influenza virus type commonly included in respiratory molecular testing and capable of seasonal epidemics and pandemics.
An influenza virus type commonly included in respiratory molecular testing and responsible for seasonal disease.
A prospective risk-assessment method that identifies how a process may fail, the effects and priorities for control.
Transfer of fetal red cells into the maternal circulation, quantified when required to guide anti-D immunoglobulin dosing.
A minimally invasive procedure using a fine needle to obtain cells or fluid for cytological and ancillary investigations.
Cytological examination of material collected by fine-needle aspiration.
A transfusion reaction characterised by fever or chills without evidence of haemolysis or another cause.
A test for hidden blood in faeces; guaiac methods have largely been replaced by FIT in many United Kingdom pathways.
A homogeneous competitive immunoassay that quantifies analyte through changes in fluorescence polarisation.
A professional fellowship designation of the Royal College of Pathologists.
An action taken by a manufacturer to reduce the risk of death or serious deterioration associated with a medical device already supplied.
A pituitary gonadotrophin measured in fertility, gonadal, menstrual and menopausal assessment.
A safety communication issued by a manufacturer to users concerning a field safety corrective action for a medical device.
The unbound fraction of triiodothyronine measured selectively when investigating thyroid dysfunction.
The unbound fraction of thyroxine measured with TSH in the assessment and monitoring of thyroid function.
A spectroscopic technique identifying chemical bonds from infrared absorption, used in selected stone, drug and material analyses.
Persistent fever without an established cause after initial assessment, often prompting targeted microbiological, haematological and biochemical investigations.
A coagulation cofactor measured in selected bleeding, inhibitor and liver-disease investigations.
A vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor initiating the extrinsic pathway with tissue factor.
A coagulation cofactor deficient in haemophilia A and measured for diagnosis, monitoring and inhibitor assessment.
A factor V gene variant causing activated protein C resistance and increased venous-thrombosis risk.
A vitamin K-dependent factor at the start of the common coagulation pathway.
An intrinsic-pathway coagulation factor whose deficiency may cause a variable bleeding tendency.
A contact-pathway factor whose deficiency can markedly prolong APTT without usually causing clinical bleeding.
The fibrin-stabilising factor that cross-links fibrin after clot formation and requires specific testing because routine PT and APTT may be normal.
Pre-transfusion testing comprising ABO and RhD grouping with a red-cell antibody screen.
A red-cell enzyme measured when inherited deficiency and oxidant-associated haemolysis are suspected.
An islet autoantibody used when autoimmune diabetes or selected neurological autoimmune disease is suspected.
Streptococcus pyogenes, identified in infections ranging from pharyngitis to invasive disease.
An immunohistochemistry marker used with a panel to support breast or urothelial differentiation and other diagnoses.
An autoantibody associated with anti-GBM disease causing rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and sometimes pulmonary haemorrhage.
Streptococcus agalactiae, important in pregnancy, neonatal infection and invasive disease.
A separation technique for volatile or derivatised compounds before detection or mass-spectrometric identification.
Gas chromatography coupled with flame-ionisation detection for quantifying suitable organic compounds.
An analytical technique that separates volatile compounds by gas chromatography and identifies or quantifies them by mass spectrometry.
An antigen marker used as a sensitive screening component in laboratory algorithms for Clostridioides difficile.
Hyperglycaemia first recognised during pregnancy and diagnosed using a defined glucose-testing pathway.
The data-protection framework governing processing of personal data, applied in the United Kingdom through retained law and the Data Protection Act.
The rate at which the kidneys filter plasma, measured directly with an exogenous marker or estimated from endogenous markers.
An enzyme measured in liver assessment and commonly increased in cholestasis or enzyme induction.
A central nervous system depressant measured in specialist toxicology when exposure is suspected and sampling is timely.
An international framework for consistent chemical-hazard classification, labels and safety data communication.
Relating to the stomach and intestines, commonly used to describe symptoms, specimens, panels and clinical pathways.
A mesenchymal tumour commonly characterised using morphology, immunohistochemistry and molecular testing of KIT or PDGFRA.
A quality system governing how non-clinical safety studies are planned, performed, recorded, reported and archived.
An Aspergillus cell-wall antigen detected in serum or respiratory specimens to support diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis.
A histochemical silver stain used to demonstrate fungi and selected other organisms in tissue.
Inflammation affecting renal glomeruli, investigated using renal function, urine studies, complement, autoantibodies and sometimes biopsy.
Rod-shaped bacteria that appear Gram negative and include many important enteric and non-fermenting pathogens.
An autoantibody associated with autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anaemia; GPC may also mean Gram-positive cocci in microbiology.
Pre-transfusion testing that includes blood grouping, antibody screening and compatibility testing for selected red-cell units.
The routine histological stain showing nuclei blue-purple and cytoplasm or extracellular proteins in shades of pink.
The oxygen-carrying protein concentration in blood, reported as a core component of the full blood count.
The predominant normal adult haemoglobin fraction, composed of two alpha and two beta globin chains.
A measure of longer-term glycaemic exposure used in the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus.
A minor adult haemoglobin fraction measured during haemoglobinopathy assessment, particularly for beta-thalassaemia.
A beta-globin variant that may occur as a trait or contribute to clinically significant compound haemoglobinopathy.
An alternative notation for anti-HBc, indicating previous or current exposure to hepatitis B virus.
A beta-globin variant common in parts of Asia that may interact with beta-thalassaemia to cause significant disease.
A marker associated with active hepatitis B viral replication and infectivity, interpreted with other serological and molecular results.
The predominant fetal haemoglobin, normally reduced after infancy but increased in several inherited and acquired conditions.
The beta-globin variant responsible for sickle-cell trait and sickle-cell disease.
A marker of current hepatitis B infection that requires interpretation and confirmation within an approved testing algorithm.
A blood-borne virus investigated through combinations of antigen, antibody and nucleic-acid tests to establish infection or immunity status.
An infection arising in association with healthcare delivery, including hospital and community healthcare settings.
A placental glycoprotein measured for pregnancy assessment and as a tumour marker in selected gestational and germ-cell disorders.
A major blood buffer reported directly or calculated as part of electrolyte and acid-base assessment.
The UK regulator that sets standards and maintains the register for Biomedical Scientists and other health professions.
A professional working within healthcare science, including registered biomedical and clinical scientists across pathology services.
The proportion of blood volume occupied by red cells, also called packed cell volume.
A blood-borne virus commonly screened using antibody testing, with nucleic-acid testing used to confirm active infection.
Immune destruction of fetal or neonatal red cells caused by maternal red-cell antibodies crossing the placenta.
A lipoprotein fraction measured as part of cardiovascular risk assessment, usually reported as HDL cholesterol.
The cholesterol carried in high-density lipoproteins and reported as part of cardiovascular-risk assessment.
A defective RNA virus requiring hepatitis B surface antigen and investigated by serology or molecular testing in relevant patients.
A tumour marker used with clinical assessment and sometimes CA 125 in selected ovarian-mass pathways.
A high-efficiency filter used in safety cabinets and controlled environments to remove airborne particles.
A predictive tumour biomarker assessed by immunohistochemistry and, when indicated, in situ hybridisation or molecular testing.
An RNA virus investigated by serology or nucleic-acid testing in suspected acute or chronic hepatitis.
A gene tested for common variants associated with hereditary haemochromatosis in an appropriate clinical pathway.
A United Kingdom classification for biological agents that can cause human disease and present a hazard to workers but are unlikely to spread widely.
A United Kingdom classification for biological agents that can cause severe human disease, present a serious worker hazard and may spread to the community.
The organisation whose sequence-variant nomenclature recommendations are used to describe genomic variants consistently.
A herpesvirus detected by molecular testing in selected immunocompromised, neurological and transplant contexts.
Common spectrophotometric interference indices used to assess sample quality and potential effects on chemistry assays.
An immune prothrombotic reaction to heparin assessed using clinical probability and appropriate laboratory tests.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia accompanied by new thrombosis.
A retrovirus investigated using defined screening and confirmatory algorithms that may include antigen, antibody and nucleic-acid testing.
A fourth-generation screening assay detecting HIV-1 p24 antigen and antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2.
A family of standards used to exchange structured clinical and laboratory information between health systems.
Highly polymorphic cell-surface proteins central to transplantation, transfusion compatibility and immune-mediated disease.
An RNA respiratory virus commonly detected within multiplex molecular respiratory panels.
Antigens on neutrophils that may be involved in alloimmune neutropenia and transfusion reactions.
Polymorphic platelet antigens relevant to platelet alloimmunisation, refractoriness and fetal or neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.
A separation technique that passes a liquid sample through a packed column under pressure before detection and quantification.
A group of DNA viruses tested in cervical screening and in selected anogenital or oropharyngeal disease pathways.
A tumour DNA-repair phenotype assessed using genomic methods to inform treatment in selected cancers.
An inherited red-cell membrane disorder causing spherocytes and haemolysis, assessed using blood-film and specialist tests.
A CRP assay optimised for low concentrations, used in selected cardiovascular or inflammatory-risk contexts rather than acute infection assessment.
A cardiac troponin I assay meeting high-sensitivity performance criteria for detecting myocardial injury.
A cardiac troponin T assay meeting high-sensitivity performance criteria for detecting myocardial injury.
The secure national data network supporting connectivity between health and care organisations in England.
An Institute of Biomedical Science post-registration qualification demonstrating higher specialist knowledge and competence.
The United Kingdom regulator responsible for workplace health and safety enforcement and guidance.
A high-grade cervical or anogenital squamous abnormality associated with significant precancerous change.
The doctoral-level training route preparing clinical scientists for consultant-level practice in United Kingdom healthcare science.
A general term for cardiac troponin assays capable of reliable measurement at very low concentrations.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2, detected mainly by nucleic-acid testing in active lesions, neurological disease and selected other presentations.
A human retrovirus investigated using antibody and confirmatory tests, with molecular testing in selected cases.
A thrombotic microangiopathy characterised by haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury, sometimes associated with Shiga toxin.
A vaginal specimen collected from the upper vagina for selected microbiological investigations.
An islet autoantibody used with other markers when autoimmune type 1 diabetes is suspected.
A test that detects clinically significant antibodies capable of binding red cells under laboratory test conditions.
The industry body whose dangerous-goods regulations govern packaging and air transport of many clinical and infectious specimens.
A collective term for chronic inflammatory bowel disorders such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis that may prompt inflammatory, nutritional and stool testing.
The professional body for biomedical science in the United Kingdom, supporting education, training and professional standards.
A liquid-chromatographic technique used to separate and quantify ionic species in selected clinical and environmental analyses.
Antibody-based staining used to demonstrate cellular antigens in cytology preparations or cell suspensions.
A highly sensitive elemental technique using an inductively coupled plasma ion source and mass spectrometric detection.
An elemental analysis technique measuring characteristic light emitted by atoms excited in an inductively coupled plasma.
A rapid membrane-based assay in which labelled immune complexes migrate to a visible or instrument-read detection zone.
Anaemia caused by insufficient available iron, assessed using the full blood count, ferritin and selected iron studies.
An electrophoretic method separating proteins according to their isoelectric point, used in selected protein and haemoglobin investigations.
An antibody-detection method using a fluorescent secondary antibody to visualise patient antibody bound to a substrate.
A global organisation supporting standardisation, scientific development and education across laboratory medicine.
A method that characterises monoclonal immunoglobulins after electrophoretic separation using specific antisera.
A cytokine measured in release assays or specialised immune investigations; the Greek gamma symbol may also be written as IFN-gamma.
The manufacturer's authorised information describing the intended purpose, operation, limitations and safe use of a device or reagent.
An immunoglobulin predominant at mucosal surfaces and measured in immunodeficiency, monoclonal-protein and coeliac-disease assessment.
A low-concentration immunoglobulin measured in selected immunological and monoclonal-protein investigations.
An immunoglobulin involved in immediate hypersensitivity and measured as total or allergen-specific IgE.
A growth-hormone-dependent peptide measured when investigating suspected growth hormone excess or deficiency.
The major circulating binding protein for IGF-1, measured in selected paediatric growth assessments.
The predominant serum immunoglobulin, measured in immune deficiency, inflammation and monoclonal or polyclonal gammopathy assessment.
An immunoglobulin produced early in many immune responses and measured in immunodeficiency, infection serology and gammopathy assessment.
A blood test measuring T-cell interferon-gamma responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens to support assessment of TB infection.
A visualisation program used to inspect sequence reads, alignments and genomic variants.
Antibody-based staining used to detect specific antigens in tissue sections for diagnosis, classification and biomarker assessment.
Production of an in vitro diagnostic device within a health institution for its own use under the applicable regulatory arrangements.
The international organisation supporting harmonised laboratory accreditation and mutual recognition of accredited results.
Organisation, performance and evaluation of measurements or examinations on the same or similar items by two or more laboratories.
A clinical syndrome commonly caused by Epstein–Barr virus and investigated using blood counts, heterophile antibodies or EBV serology.
A genomic variant involving insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides.
A standardised expression of prothrombin time used mainly to monitor vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant therapy.
Evidence-based measures used to prevent transmission of infection in healthcare and related settings.
Documented evidence that equipment or a system has been supplied and installed in accordance with approved specifications.
Control material analysed within the laboratory to monitor whether an analytical process remains stable and fit for use.
The proportion of circulating reticulocytes with the greatest residual RNA, reflecting recent marrow erythropoietic activity.
An electrochemical sensor designed to measure the activity of a particular ion, commonly used for electrolytes such as sodium and potassium.
A method using labelled nucleic-acid probes to localise specific DNA or RNA sequences within cells or tissue.
The international body that publishes standards, including ISO 15189 for quality and competence in medical laboratories.
The international standard specifying quality-management and competence requirements for medical laboratories.
An international standard providing requirements for point-of-care testing used with ISO 15189.
A ribosomal DNA region widely sequenced to identify and classify fungi.
A dynamic endocrine test using induced hypoglycaemia to assess growth hormone and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal responses under specialist supervision.
Transfusion of compatible blood to a fetus, usually for severe fetal anaemia under specialist care.
A reagent, instrument, system or other device intended to examine specimens outside the body to provide diagnostic information.
The European regulatory framework governing the safety, performance and oversight of in vitro diagnostic medical devices.
A tyrosine kinase gene tested for variants, especially V617F, in suspected myeloproliferative neoplasms.
A recurrent activating variant detected in many cases of polycythaemia vera and some other myeloproliferative neoplasms.
An international collaboration maintaining information on higher-order reference materials, methods and services for laboratory-medicine traceability.
A polyomavirus detected by nucleic-acid testing, particularly when progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is suspected.
A group of inflammatory arthritides beginning before age 16 that may prompt inflammatory, immunological and treatment-monitoring tests.
The chemical symbol commonly used for potassium, a major electrolyte measured in blood and urine.
Notation for the positively charged potassium ion measured by methods such as ion-selective electrodes.
An acid-elution blood-film method used to estimate fetal red cells in maternal blood after fetomaternal haemorrhage.
The unbound kappa immunoglobulin light chain measured with lambda free light chains and their ratio in plasma-cell disorder assessment.
A nuclear protein assessed by immunohistochemistry to estimate the proliferative fraction of a cell population or tumour.
A urinary or tissue biomarker of tubular injury used mainly in specialised or research contexts rather than routine NHS testing.
A gene assessed for variants or expression in selected neoplasms, including gastrointestinal stromal tumour and systemic mastocytosis.
A direct microscopy preparation in which potassium hydroxide clears keratin and debris to aid visualisation of fungal elements.
A class A carbapenemase that can confer broad beta-lactam resistance in Enterobacterales.
A defined quantitative measure used to monitor whether a laboratory process or service is meeting an agreed objective.
A gene tested for clinically relevant variants in selected cancers to support classification and treatment decisions.
A functional antiphospholipid antibody detected through phospholipid-dependent clotting tests and associated with thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity.
A rapid nucleic-acid amplification method performed at a constant temperature using multiple primers.
A cytology preparation method in which cells are suspended in preservative fluid before producing a thin, representative slide.
A separation technique in which a liquid mobile phase carries sample components through a stationary phase before detection.
A highly selective technique combining liquid-phase separation with two stages of mass analysis for identification and quantification.
A non-invasive proliferation of breast lobular cells that indicates increased risk and is diagnosed histologically.
An intracellular enzyme present in many tissues and measured as a non-specific marker of cellular injury or turnover.
A cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein used in cardiovascular risk assessment and as a treatment target in many clinical pathways.
The cholesterol carried in low-density lipoproteins, measured or calculated as a major cardiovascular treatment target.
A test designed, manufactured and used within a laboratory rather than supplied as a complete commercial assay.
An engineering control that captures airborne contaminants close to their source before they disperse into the workplace.
A rapid membrane-based assay that detects an analyte as a labelled complex migrates along a test strip.
A disposable device using lateral-flow immunochromatography for rapid antigen, antibody or other analyte detection.
A commonly used collective term for biochemical tests such as bilirubin, albumin, ALT and ALP that assess different aspects of liver injury or function.
A pituitary gonadotrophin measured in fertility, gonadal, menstrual and menopausal investigations; LH may also denote lithium heparin locally.
An anticoagulant used in plasma collection tubes for many clinical chemistry investigations.
A digital system used to manage laboratory requests, specimen tracking, workflows, results and associated records.
An analyser-generated estimate of sample turbidity from lipids that may identify potential analytical interference.
A clinical laboratory system that supports requesting, specimen processing, result authorisation, reporting and links with wider healthcare records.
A potentiating medium that accelerates red-cell antibody uptake during indirect antiglobulin testing.
An autoantibody associated particularly with autoimmune hepatitis type 2 and assessed within liver autoantibody testing.
The lowest concentration at which an analyte can be quantified with predefined acceptable performance.
The highest apparent analyte result expected when replicate blank samples containing no analyte are measured.
The lowest amount of an analyte that can be reliably distinguished from the absence of that analyte.
An international terminology for laboratory and clinical observations that may appear in interoperability and mapping work.
The lowest analyte amount that can be quantitatively measured with stated and acceptable performance characteristics.
A genetically influenced lipoprotein particle measured to refine cardiovascular-risk assessment in selected patients.
A quality-control material with an analyte concentration near the lower clinically or analytically relevant range.
The lower boundary of a reference interval for a defined population and measurand.
Infection below the larynx, commonly prompting respiratory microbiology, inflammatory markers and sometimes blood-gas assessment.
A low-grade cervical or anogenital squamous abnormality commonly associated with productive HPV infection.
A swab collected from the lower vagina for selected microbiological investigations, with local terminology and indications varying.
An immunoglobulin or fragment produced by a single plasma-cell or B-cell clone and detected by protein studies.
A mass-spectrometry technique widely used to identify microorganisms from their characteristic protein spectra.
An andrology test detecting antisperm antibodies bound to motile spermatozoa.
The inflammatory form of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease with hepatocellular injury.
The current umbrella term for hepatic steatosis associated with metabolic dysfunction, replacing NAFLD in many guidelines.
The lowest antimicrobial concentration that kills a defined proportion of a bacterial inoculum under specified conditions.
A traditional request term for microscopic examination, culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of a clinical specimen.
The average amount of haemoglobin per red blood cell, reported as part of the full blood count.
The average concentration of haemoglobin within a given volume of packed red blood cells.
The average volume of circulating red blood cells, used with other indices to support classification of anaemia.
Resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes; in device governance, UK MDR instead refers to the Medical Devices Regulations.
The study that produced an older creatinine-based eGFR equation, now largely superseded by CKD-EPI equations.
A microorganism resistant to multiple antimicrobial classes and requiring context-specific treatment and infection-control action.
A clonal myeloid disorder characterised by ineffective haematopoiesis, cytopenias and risk of progression to acute myeloid leukaemia.
The secure NHS service used to transfer electronic messages, including pathology reports, between organisations and systems.
Oxidised haemoglobin unable to bind oxygen normally, measured by co-oximetry when methaemoglobinaemia is suspected.
A myeloproliferative neoplasm characterised by marrow fibrosis, abnormal blood formation and often JAK2, CALR or MPL variants.
A security control requiring two or more independent factors to verify a user's identity.
The chemical symbol used for magnesium, an electrolyte measured in blood or urine in selected clinical settings.
A premalignant plasma-cell or lymphoplasmacytic condition with a monoclonal protein but no defining end-organ damage or malignancy.
An agreed multidisciplinary pathway for rapid provision and administration of blood components during life-threatening bleeding.
The UK agency responsible for regulating medicines, medical devices and blood components for transfusion.
Myocardial injury caused by ischaemia, for which cardiac troponin is central to laboratory assessment when interpreted clinically.
An antibody clone recognising Ki-67 and used to assess cellular proliferation by immunohistochemistry.
The lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that visibly inhibits growth of a microorganism under defined test conditions.
A laboratory support worker who undertakes defined specimen, preparation, analytical or administrative duties under appropriate supervision.
A molecular method used to detect targeted copy-number changes and selected sequence variants.
A typing method assigning microorganisms to sequence types using alleles from multiple housekeeping genes.
A microbial typing method comparing the number of tandem repeats at several genomic loci.
A plasma-cell malignancy assessed using blood counts, protein studies, marrow examination, imaging and molecular or cytogenetic tests.
A DNA-repair system assessed through protein expression or molecular testing to identify mismatch-repair deficiency in tumours.
Untargeted sequencing of nucleic acids in a specimen to detect and characterise microbial genetic material.
An autoantibody associated with MOG antibody-associated disease and tested in selected inflammatory demyelinating presentations.
A gene tested for activating variants in selected suspected myeloproliferative neoplasms.
A group of clonal myeloid disorders characterised by overproduction of one or more blood-cell lineages.
An antigen-specific ANCA commonly associated with microscopic polyangiitis and related small-vessel vasculitis.
The average measured volume of circulating platelets, reported by many full blood count analysers.
Low-level malignant cells remaining during or after treatment, detected by sensitive flow, molecular or sequencing methods.
A locally assigned identifier for a patient's health record; NHS number is the national identifier in England and Wales.
A strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to meticillin-class beta-lactam antibiotics and important for treatment and infection control.
An analytical technique that separates ions according to mass-to-charge ratio for compound identification or quantification.
Two or more stages of mass analysis used to improve analytical selectivity and structural information.
The United Kingdom term for a ventilated cabinet providing defined protection during microbiological work.
An older term for a safety data sheet; current chemical-safety documentation generally uses SDS.
Length variation in microsatellite DNA caused by mismatch-repair deficiency and assessed as a tumour biomarker.
Staphylococcus aureus that remains susceptible to meticillin-class beta-lactam agents.
A clean-catch urine specimen collected after the initial stream to reduce contamination for microbiological assessment.
The principal bacterial species causing tuberculosis, detected by microscopy, culture and molecular methods.
A group of closely related mycobacteria capable of causing tuberculosis in humans or animals.
A parameter describing the dispersion of values that could reasonably be attributed to a measured quantity.
An autoantibody tested in selected patients with suspected myasthenia gravis, particularly when AChR antibodies are absent.
The chemical symbol used for sodium, the major extracellular cation measured in blood and urine.
A molecular test that amplifies target nucleic acid to detect genetic material from a microorganism or other biological source.
The anticoagulant used at a defined blood-to-additive ratio for routine coagulation specimens and selected other tests.
A legacy term for metabolically associated hepatic steatosis, increasingly replaced by MASLD.
An isothermal amplification method designed mainly for RNA targets.
Failure to fulfil a specified requirement within a laboratory process, product or quality-management system.
A controlled record documenting a nonconformity, investigation, action and follow-up.
A generic reference to national external quality assessment; United Kingdom schemes commonly use the name UK NEQAS.
The bacterium causing gonorrhoea, commonly detected by nucleic-acid amplification and cultured when susceptibility information is required.
A biomarker of tubular kidney injury used in selected specialist settings and assays.
High-throughput sequencing technologies capable of analysing many DNA or RNA fragments in parallel.
The publicly funded healthcare systems of the United Kingdom, within which most clinical pathology services operate.
The special health authority responsible for blood, organ, stem-cell and tissue donation services across England.
The unique national patient identifier used to link records safely across NHS services in England and Wales.
A United Kingdom organisation developing and supplying biological reference materials and supporting control of biological medicines.
The body producing evidence-based guidance and standards for health and care in England.
Screening of cell-free placental DNA in maternal blood for specified fetal chromosomal conditions.
A calculated ratio derived from the differential count and used as a non-specific inflammatory or prognostic marker in selected contexts.
A neuronal surface autoantibody strongly associated with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
Total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol, representing cholesterol in atherogenic lipoprotein particles.
A highly contagious RNA virus causing acute gastroenteritis and commonly detected by molecular testing.
A respiratory specimen aspirated from the nasopharynx, used mainly in selected paediatric viral investigations.
A swab collected from the nasopharynx for respiratory pathogen testing.
The probability that a person with a negative test result does not have the target condition in the population tested.
An immature erythroid cell normally confined to marrow but sometimes detected and reported in peripheral blood.
A designated specialist laboratory providing reference methods, confirmation, surveillance, expertise and support in a defined field.
A biomarker measured in selected neuroendocrine tumours and neurological injury contexts, with haemolysis a significant interference.
Myocardial infarction without persistent ST elevation, diagnosed using clinical assessment, electrocardiography and cardiac troponin change.
An inactive prohormone fragment measured to support assessment of suspected heart failure and prognosis in selected settings.
Mycobacterial species outside the M. tuberculosis complex and M. leprae that may cause pulmonary or extrapulmonary disease.
A gene family assessed for oncogenic fusions that may support tumour classification and targeted treatment.
A request term for examination of faeces or other specimens for parasitic ova and organisms.
The HL7 segment containing details of a diagnostic order or requested observation.
The HL7 segment carrying an observation result, value, units and related status information.
A traditional microscopy request for intestinal parasites, increasingly supplemented or replaced by antigen or molecular methods.
A water-soluble embedding medium used to support tissue during frozen-section preparation.
A logarithmic measure of light attenuation used as an analytical signal in photometric and immunoassay methods.
A dynamic test measuring the glucose response to a standard oral glucose load, used for defined diagnostic indications.
The principal circulating vitamin D metabolite measured to assess vitamin D status; it is commonly written 25-OHD.
Documented evidence that installed equipment or a system operates as intended throughout specified operating ranges.
An HL7 message type commonly used to transmit laboratory results without a new query from the receiving system.
The concentration of osmotically active particles per kilogram of solvent, measured in serum, plasma or urine.
The difference between measured and calculated serum osmolality, used in selected toxicology and metabolic assessments.
A biochemical marker of bone formation used in selected osteoporosis and metabolic-bone monitoring pathways.
A marker of type III collagen turnover used in selected fibrosis or treatment-monitoring pathways; PIIINP is an alternative notation.
A cell-cycle regulatory protein assessed by immunohistochemistry as a surrogate biomarker in selected HPV-related and other lesions.
A calculated or measured indicator of haemoglobin–oxygen affinity, used in selected investigations of altered oxygen binding.
A tumour-suppressor protein assessed by immunohistochemistry or TP53 molecular testing in selected neoplasms.
The packaging requirements commonly applied to transport of UN3373 Category B biological substances.
An electrophoretic method separating proteins or nucleic acids through a polyacrylamide gel.
A collective term used in NHS standards and services for pathology and laboratory medicine disciplines.
Respiratory protective equipment using a powered fan to pass air through filters before delivery to the wearer.
A histochemical stain demonstrating glycogen, neutral mucins, basement membranes and fungal cell walls.
An immunohistochemistry marker supporting Müllerian, renal or thyroid differentiation when interpreted within an appropriate panel.
Circulating blood collected for routine or specialist haematology, chemistry, microbiology, transfusion and molecular tests.
A chronic autoimmune cholestatic liver disease associated particularly with antimitochondrial antibodies.
A controlled NHS list of pathology reportable codes used in legacy messaging and terminology mapping.
A haem-precursor measured in urine when an acute hepatic porphyria is suspected.
An evidence-based, multidisciplinary approach to optimise a patient's blood health and avoid unnecessary transfusion.
A stained blood film examined microscopically for cell morphology, parasites and abnormal or immature cells.
A plasma-derived concentrate of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors used for specific urgent reversal or replacement indications.
The pressure exerted by dissolved carbon dioxide in a blood-gas sample, reflecting ventilation and contributing to acid-base assessment.
A common endocrine disorder assessed clinically with targeted hormonal and metabolic testing.
A widely used legacy abbreviation for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia; PJP is the preferred organism-based form.
A molecular technique that amplifies a selected DNA sequence so it can be detected or analysed.
A peptide biomarker used in selected pathways to support assessment and stewardship in suspected bacterial infection.
The fraction of blood volume occupied by red cells, broadly equivalent to haematocrit.
An immune-checkpoint protein assessed by validated tumour immunohistochemistry assays to inform treatment in selected cancers.
Non-susceptibility to all agents in all antimicrobial categories relevant to a microorganism under the applied definition.
The national NHS service holding patient demographic details and NHS numbers for identity matching.
A measure of variation in platelet size reported by some full blood count analysers.
Obstruction of pulmonary arteries by thrombus, assessed using clinical probability, D-dimer and imaging pathways.
A macromolecular potentiator used in selected red-cell antibody tests and also as a precipitant in some laboratory methods.
Time-critical preventive treatment after a significant occupational or other exposure to an infectious agent.
An abnormal phospholipid formed in the presence of ethanol and measured in blood as a marker of alcohol exposure.
An immunoassay in which antigen–antibody aggregation on particles changes turbidity in proportion to analyte concentration.
A platelet-derived chemokine that forms immunogenic complexes with heparin in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
An instrument measuring closure time under high-shear conditions as a screen of primary haemostasis in selected settings.
A microbial typing method separating large DNA fragments by periodically changing the direction of the electric field.
A F2 gene variant associated with increased prothrombin concentration and venous-thrombosis risk.
A logarithmic measure of hydrogen-ion activity used to describe acidity or alkalinity in blood and other specimens.
Infection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract, commonly prompting targeted sexually transmitted infection testing.
An alternative abbreviation for P3NP, used as a marker of type III collagen turnover.
A group of respiratory RNA viruses commonly included in multiplex molecular respiratory panels.
An opportunistic fungal pneumonia investigated using respiratory microscopy, immunofluorescence or molecular testing.
An angiogenic protein measured within defined pathways to support assessment of suspected pre-eclampsia.
The number of platelets in blood, reported within the full blood count and important in bleeding, thrombosis and treatment monitoring.
The established NHS pathology-messaging framework using EDIFACT, being replaced by newer FHIR-based standards.
Systematic monitoring of a medical device after it is placed on the market to identify and manage safety or performance issues.
An acquired clonal stem-cell disorder diagnosed by flow cytometric demonstration of deficient GPI-linked proteins.
The pressure exerted by dissolved oxygen in a blood-gas sample, used to assess oxygenation.
A common chemical notation for inorganic phosphate measured in blood or urine during renal and bone-mineral assessment.
Diagnostic testing performed near the patient rather than in the central laboratory, with governance and quality oversight still required.
An enzyme relevant to organophosphate metabolism and specialised toxicology, with limited routine diagnostic use.
Protective clothing or equipment used to reduce occupational exposure to laboratory hazards.
The probability that a person with a positive test result has the target condition in the population tested.
Documented evidence that equipment or a system performs effectively and reproducibly for its intended routine use.
A nuclear receptor assessed by immunohistochemistry in breast and selected other tumours to support classification and treatment decisions.
An antigen-specific ANCA strongly associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
A pituitary hormone measured in investigation of galactorrhoea, reproductive dysfunction and pituitary disease.
A prostate-derived protein measured within defined pathways for prostate-cancer risk assessment and monitoring.
A chronic inflammatory and fibrosing bile-duct disease assessed with liver tests, imaging and selected serology.
A blood-collection tube containing anticoagulant and a gel barrier designed to separate plasma from blood cells after centrifugation.
A coagulation test assessing the extrinsic and common pathways; in quality contexts, PT may instead refer to proficiency testing.
A hormone regulating calcium and phosphate, measured when investigating parathyroid, renal and metabolic-bone disorders.
A rare immune thrombocytopenia occurring after transfusion, usually associated with platelet-specific alloantibodies.
A network that transports specimens through tubes using air pressure, requiring validation for relevant sample types and tests.
A non-specific inflammatory marker measuring resistance of plasma to flow; in haematology PV may also mean polycythaemia vera.
Planned and systematic activities that provide confidence a laboratory service will fulfil defined quality requirements.
Operational techniques used to monitor and control whether an examination process continues to meet specified requirements.
An external quality assessment provider specialising in molecular detection of infectious diseases and other targets.
A rapid targeted molecular method commonly used to detect selected chromosome-number abnormalities.
A commercial interferon-gamma release assay used to support assessment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
A measurable characteristic used to monitor performance across pre-examination, examination and post-examination laboratory processes.
A structured project using measurement and change methods to improve a defined aspect of laboratory service or patient care.
The coordinated policies, processes, records and responsibilities used to direct and control laboratory quality.
A status indicating that the specimen volume is insufficient to perform or complete the requested examination reliably.
PCR in which accumulating amplified product is measured during the reaction, enabling relative or absolute quantification.
A chronic inflammatory autoimmune arthritis commonly investigated with inflammatory markers, rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies.
A security model granting system permissions according to an authorised user's assigned role.
The number of circulating red blood cells in a defined volume of blood, reported as part of the full blood count.
A systematic investigation used to identify the underlying causes of an incident or nonconformity.
The force applied to a sample during centrifugation, expressed relative to the Earth's gravitational force.
The UK professional membership organisation that sets and supports standards, education and training across pathology specialties.
The change between two serial results likely to exceed combined analytical and within-person biological variation.
A test designed to provide a result quickly, often using a simple cartridge, strip or near-patient platform.
An index describing variation in red-cell size, reported as part of the full blood count.
A gene assessed for clinically important variants or fusions in selected endocrine and other cancers.
An analyser-derived measure of haemoglobin in reticulocytes, reflecting iron available for recent erythropoiesis.
The absolute or proportional count of young red cells, used to assess marrow response to anaemia or treatment.
An autoantibody, usually IgM against IgG Fc, used with clinical findings and anti-CCP when assessing rheumatoid arthritis.
The most clinically important antigen in the Rh blood-group system for transfusion and pregnancy.
The interval containing values expected for a defined proportion of a specified reference population.
An immunoassay using a radioisotope-labelled reagent, now largely replaced by non-radioactive methods for many analytes.
UK regulations requiring specified serious workplace incidents, diseases and dangerous occurrences to be formally reported.
A platelet aggregation test used in selected investigation of von Willebrand disease and platelet-type disorders.
An instrument-dependent unit used to express light signal generated in luminescent analytical systems.
Material sufficiently homogeneous and stable for specified properties and intended for use in measurement or examination.
A thoroughly characterised measurement procedure used to assign reference values or assess accuracy and traceability.
A nucleic acid serving as genetic material, transcript or regulatory molecule and analysed in many molecular tests.
An autoantibody to U1 ribonucleoprotein associated particularly with mixed connective tissue disease and other systemic autoimmune disorders.
A plot of sensitivity against one minus specificity across decision thresholds, used to evaluate diagnostic discrimination.
A gene assessed for oncogenic rearrangements in selected cancers to identify eligibility for targeted treatment.
A viscoelastic whole-blood method assessing clot formation, strength and lysis to support haemostatic management.
An isothermal nucleic-acid amplification method using recombinase, primers and strand-displacing polymerase.
Equipment worn to reduce inhalation exposure to hazardous aerosols, dusts, vapours or gases.
A measure of rotational speed; centrifugation procedures should use RCF where transfer between different rotor sizes matters.
A non-treponemal serological test used in syphilis assessment and monitoring within an appropriate testing algorithm.
Dialysis or haemofiltration used to replace kidney function, requiring frequent biochemical and haematological monitoring.
Standard deviation expressed relative to the mean, usually as a percentage and equivalent to coefficient of variation.
A major respiratory RNA virus detected by molecular or antigen tests, especially important in infants and older or vulnerable adults.
A method that converts RNA into complementary DNA before PCR amplification; the term is sometimes used ambiguously for real-time PCR.
The current EUCAST clinical categories used to interpret antimicrobial susceptibility results.
Macroscopic and microscopic examination of semen, including sperm concentration, motility and morphology, for fertility assessment.
The United Kingdom haemovigilance reporting system for serious adverse reactions and events involving blood components.
A United Kingdom expert committee advising on risks and controls for work with genetically modified organisms.
The RNA virus causing COVID-19, detected using validated molecular or antigen methods within current testing pathways.
A functional assay measuring antibody-mediated complement killing of bacteria, used in selected vaccine and immunity assessments.
A group of inherited haemoglobin disorders involving haemoglobin S and causing haemolysis and vaso-occlusion.
Heterozygous carriage of haemoglobin S, usually asymptomatic but important in screening, counselling and selected clinical settings.
A statistical measure of dispersion around the mean, widely used in quality control and method evaluation.
An isothermal nucleic-acid amplification method using strand-displacing polymerase and target-specific primers.
The difference between a result and an assigned target expressed in units of the comparison standard deviation.
Pooled plasma treated with solvent and detergent to reduce the risk from lipid-enveloped viruses.
A document describing a chemical's hazards, safe handling, storage, exposure controls and emergency measures.
A method separating denatured proteins mainly according to molecular mass.
An estimate of uncertainty in a sample mean, calculated from the standard deviation and sample size.
Serum kappa and lambda free light-chain measurement, including their ratio, used in plasma-cell disorder assessment.
A plasma protein binding sex steroids and measured to support interpretation of testosterone or oestradiol status.
The United Kingdom independent haemovigilance scheme collecting and analysing transfusion-related adverse events and reactions.
The internationally agreed system of measurement units used to support comparable and traceable laboratory results.
A historical shorthand for antimicrobial susceptibility categories; EUCAST now defines I as susceptible, increased exposure.
The senior accountable role overseeing information risk within an NHS organisation.
A systemic autoimmune disease that may prompt investigations including antinuclear antibodies, specific autoantibodies, complement and organ-function tests.
An autoantibody associated particularly with autoimmune hepatitis and included in selected liver autoantibody screens.
The standard clinical terminology used in NHS systems, including coded pathology requests and reportable results.
A single-base genomic difference that may be benign, associated with disease or useful for typing and ancestry inference.
A change affecting one nucleotide in the genome, classified according to clinical context and evidence.
An authorised document giving the standardised instructions required to perform a laboratory process consistently.
Electrophoretic separation of serum proteins used to detect and quantify monoclonal or polyclonal patterns.
An anticoagulant and antimicrobial-neutralising additive used in many blood-culture collection systems.
A specialist functional assay detecting platelet-activating antibodies in suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
An authentication arrangement allowing a user to access multiple authorised systems through one sign-in process.
A blood-collection tube containing a clot activator and gel barrier that separates serum from cells after centrifugation.
A request designation indicating that a specimen or result requires immediate priority; the term is not a formal acronym.
E. coli strains producing Shiga toxin and capable of causing severe diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
Acute myocardial infarction with persistent ST elevation, requiring urgent clinical management and cardiac biomarker assessment.
The postgraduate training route leading to eligibility for registration as a clinical scientist in the United Kingdom.
A short repeated DNA sequence used in identity testing, chimerism analysis and selected genetic investigations.
An enzyme-linked immunospot assay detecting T cells responsive to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens.
Diabetes caused by severe insulin deficiency, usually from autoimmune beta-cell destruction, requiring ongoing biochemical monitoring.
Diabetes characterised by insulin resistance and progressive beta-cell dysfunction, commonly monitored using HbA1c and glucose.
The active thyroid hormone measured as free or total T3 in selected thyroid-function investigations.
The principal hormone secreted by the thyroid, measured mainly as free T4 with TSH.
A rare, usually fatal complication in which viable donor lymphocytes engraft and attack recipient tissues after transfusion.
Acute or worsening respiratory compromise or pulmonary oedema related to volume or circulatory overload after transfusion.
The elapsed time between defined points in the testing pathway, often from specimen receipt to result availability.
Disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and investigated using microscopy, culture, molecular and immunological methods.
The measured total of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin in blood, used in liver and haemolysis assessment.
Flow-cytometric enumeration of major lymphocyte populations used in immunodeficiency and immune-monitoring assessments.
The total cholesterol concentration in circulating lipoproteins, reported within a lipid profile.
A coagulation test measuring conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin after adding thrombin, also called thrombin time.
Measurement of drug concentrations to support safe and effective dosing for medicines with defined monitoring needs.
The combined effect of random and systematic analytical error on a reported result.
A specified maximum error considered acceptable for an analytical result under defined use conditions.
A viscoelastic whole-blood method assessing clot initiation, strength and breakdown over time.
Electron microscopy in which electrons pass through an ultrathin specimen to produce high-resolution internal-structure images.
A collective term for thyroid-related biochemical tests, most commonly thyroid-stimulating hormone with free thyroxine when indicated.
A thyroid protein measured chiefly as a tumour marker after treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer.
An autoantibody measured in autoimmune thyroid assessment and to identify potential interference with thyroglobulin measurement.
An immunoassay measuring light scatter or absorbance caused by antigen–antibody aggregate formation.
An estimate of the blood's capacity to bind iron with transferrin, used in selected iron-status assessment.
An immune cell present within or around tumour tissue and assessed morphologically or by immunophenotyping in selected cancers.
Integrated automation linking specimen transport, preparation, analysis, storage and data handling across laboratory workflows.
An isothermal RNA amplification method; in haematology TMA may mean thrombotic microangiopathy and in histology tissue microarray.
A troponin subunit measured with cardiac-specific assays to detect myocardial injury.
The internationally used anatomical cancer-staging framework based on primary tumour, regional nodes and distant metastasis.
A troponin subunit measured with cardiac-specific assays to detect myocardial injury.
The combined concentration of albumin and globulins in serum or plasma, used in general biochemical and protein assessment.
A treponemal antibody test historically used in syphilis testing and largely replaced or supplemented by newer methods.
An enzyme assessed by phenotype or genotype before or during thiopurine treatment to reduce toxicity risk.
An autoantibody associated with autoimmune thyroid disease and measured in selected thyroid investigations.
A treponemal antibody test used within syphilis confirmation algorithms.
The percentage of viable tumour cells showing defined PD-L1 membrane staining in an assay-specific assessment.
An autoantibody to the TSH receptor used in diagnosis and management of Graves' disease and selected pregnancy pathways.
Acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and hypoxaemia developing during or within six hours of transfusion.
Circulating glycerol esters measured within a lipid profile and in assessment of severe hypertriglyceridaemia.
The percentage of transferrin iron-binding sites occupied by iron, calculated from serum iron and binding capacity or transferrin.
A pituitary hormone used as the principal first-line biochemical marker of thyroid function in most circumstances.
A coagulation test measuring fibrin formation after thrombin is added to plasma, sensitive to fibrinogen abnormalities and thrombin inhibitors.
An immunohistochemistry marker used particularly in the assessment of lung and thyroid epithelial tumours.
An autoantibody used as the principal serological test for coeliac disease, usually measured as IgA with total IgA assessment.
A thrombotic microangiopathy associated with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency and requiring urgent specialist diagnosis and treatment.
A sexually transmitted protozoan detected using microscopy, culture or nucleic-acid amplification methods.
A common UK test profile assessing renal-related analytes such as urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium, with composition varying locally.
The urine albumin concentration indexed to creatinine, used to detect and monitor albuminuria.
A standard machine-readable coding system for units used in electronic health and pathology messages.
A standardised identifier used to distinguish and trace a specific model and production instance of a medical device.
A qualitative or semi-quantitative screening panel for selected drugs or drug classes in urine, with confirmation when required.
Unbound cortisol measured in a timed urine collection as one investigation for cortisol excess.
A gene tested in selected cases of unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia or before particular medicines with genotype-related toxicity.
The unoccupied iron-binding capacity of transferrin, used with serum iron to derive total iron-binding capacity.
The national accreditation body that assesses the competence of UK medical laboratories against relevant standards.
The United Kingdom product marking indicating conformity with applicable Great Britain requirements where the marking is required or used.
The national body responsible for protecting health from infectious diseases and other external health threats in England.
The Medical Devices Regulations 2002, as amended, forming the principal current regulatory framework for medical devices in Great Britain.
A network of not-for-profit external quality assessment centres supporting laboratory performance and education.
The highest concentration at which an analyte can be quantified with predefined acceptable performance.
The United Nations transport classification applied to many diagnostic or clinical specimens containing potentially infectious material.
Urine protein concentration expressed relative to creatinine, used to assess and monitor proteinuria; PCR alone also commonly means polymerase chain reaction.
Electrophoretic separation of urine proteins used in selected investigation of monoclonal proteins and proteinuria patterns.
Infection of the nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx that may prompt targeted microbiological testing according to clinical guidance.
Infection involving part of the urinary tract that may prompt urine microscopy, culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
A transport medium designed to preserve viral and selected other microbial nucleic acids or viability during transfer to the laboratory.
Measurement of ultraviolet and visible light absorption for quantitative or qualitative chemical analysis.
Related but distinct processes demonstrating that a method is suitable for its intended use and performs as specified in the local laboratory.
The proportion of sequence reads at a genomic position that contain a particular variant.
A blood-gas sample collected from a vein, commonly used for acid-base assessment when arterial oxygenation is not required.
A standard text format for storing genomic sequence variants and associated annotations.
A non-treponemal flocculation test used in selected syphilis testing, particularly cerebrospinal fluid assessment.
A legacy collective term for neuronal antibodies now interpreted mainly through antigen-specific LGI1 and CASPR2 testing.
Staphylococcus aureus with intermediate susceptibility to vancomycin according to the applicable testing standard.
An oral anticoagulant such as warfarin whose effect is routinely monitored using the INR.
The quantity of viral nucleic acid in a specimen, reported using assay-specific units and used for monitoring selected infections.
A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein produced by the liver and involved in transport of endogenous triglyceride.
A urinary metabolite of catecholamines measured in selected investigations, increasingly replaced by metanephrines in many pathways.
A pathogen variant designated because evidence indicates important effects such as increased transmission, severity or immune escape.
A pathogen variant monitored because genetic or epidemiological features suggest potential public-health significance.
Enterococci with clinically important acquired resistance to vancomycin, relevant to treatment and infection control.
Staphylococcus aureus meeting resistance criteria for vancomycin, a rare but important antimicrobial-resistance phenotype.
The collective term for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
A synonym widely used in the United Kingdom for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli.
A medium used to preserve viruses or viral nucleic acid in swab specimens during transport.
A genetic variant for which available evidence is insufficient to classify it as pathogenic or benign.
An inherited or acquired bleeding disorder caused by quantitative or qualitative deficiency of von Willebrand factor.
A multimeric plasma protein supporting platelet adhesion and protecting factor VIII from degradation.
An immunological measurement of the amount of von Willebrand factor protein in plasma.
A platelet-binding activity assay using a gain-of-function glycoprotein Ib fragment to assess von Willebrand factor function.
A traditional assay of von Willebrand factor-dependent platelet agglutination in the presence of ristocetin.
The herpesvirus causing chickenpox and shingles, investigated using nucleic-acid testing or serology according to context.
A method detecting specific proteins after electrophoretic separation and transfer to a membrane; WB may also simply mean whole blood.
The total number of circulating leucocytes in a defined volume of blood, usually accompanied by a differential count.
A serious pre-transfusion identification error in which the specimen contains blood from someone other than the labelled patient.
The regulatory category covering collection and disposal of electrical and electronic equipment, including laboratory instruments.
Sequencing focused on protein-coding regions of the genome to identify clinically relevant variants.
Sequencing of essentially the complete genome, used in inherited disease, cancer and microbial surveillance or typing.
The United Nations specialised agency responsible for international public-health leadership, standards and guidance.
A controlled document giving detailed directions for a specific task within a wider procedure or process.
A mosquito-borne flavivirus investigated in relevant travel, neurological or donor-testing contexts.
Digitisation of an entire glass slide at high resolution for viewing, reporting, education or image analysis.
A gene or protein assessed in selected tumours and used as a molecular marker in some haematological malignancies.
Resistance leaving susceptibility to only one or two relevant antimicrobial categories under the applied definition.
An inherited BTK-related immunodeficiency characterised by profoundly reduced B cells and immunoglobulins.
A selective and differential culture medium used mainly for isolation of Salmonella and Shigella from enteric specimens.
A rare inherited immunodeficiency associated with severe immune dysregulation, often triggered by Epstein–Barr virus.
Compatibility testing between patient plasma and donor red cells before transfusion when required.
A technique identifying crystalline materials from their characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern, used in selected calculus analyses.
An elemental analysis technique measuring characteristic secondary X-rays emitted from a sample.
A repeated DNA marker on the Y chromosome used in selected identity, kinship and chimerism investigations.
Loss of a region on the Y chromosome assessed in selected cases of severe male-factor infertility.
A summary of diagnostic performance calculated as sensitivity plus specificity minus one, used to compare decision thresholds.
Cytogenetic notation for the long arm of the Y chromosome, where clinically relevant deletions may affect spermatogenesis.
Antifungal susceptibility testing performed on clinically significant yeast isolates when indicated.
The difference between a result and an assigned value divided by the standard deviation for proficiency assessment.
A mosquito-borne flavivirus investigated by molecular or serological methods in defined travel, pregnancy or congenital contexts.
A carbol-fuchsin staining method used to demonstrate acid-fast bacilli in clinical specimens or tissue.
An islet autoantibody used with GAD and IA-2 antibodies when autoimmune type 1 diabetes is suspected.
A haem precursor increased when iron supply to erythroid cells is restricted or after significant lead exposure.
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This resource supports learning and general understanding. Terminology may vary between organisations and disciplines; follow current local procedures and professional guidance where relevant.